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Rearing Ephestia and Sitotroga.
Cotesia flavipes
Releases of the parasitoid Cotesia flavipes have been carried out since late 2014 in Colombia's Cauca River Valley to complement other biological control on sugarcane stem borers (Diatraea spp.). To confirm the identity of the species being released as well as those recovered in the field, including samples from the department of Santander in western Colombia, specimens were examined using a fragment of cytocrome oxydase I (COI). Results confirmed that the genetic identity of the specimens sequenced corresponded to C. flavipes, with a genetic divergence of 0.00 to 0.03 as compared with GenBank registers. In the Cauca River Valley, parasitoid distribution currently extends from La Virginia (Risaralda) to Palmira (Valle del Cauca), and is mainly associated to the geographical distribution of the new Diatraea species reported in the region, D. busckella and D. tabernella.
Insect Mass Production Technologies
Their nutritional value in conjunction with their food conversion efficiency and low water requirements make them a more sustainable choice for the production of food of animal origin. However, to realize their potential as a viable source of food for a growing human population, it is necessary to create the infrastructure for their production, processing, storage, distribution, and marketing, and to develop legislation for their use as food. But none of these steps become relevant unless we have the ability to produce insects in sufficient quantities to supply the potential demands for animal protein. In this chapter we present and describe the current technologies and state-of-the-art of insect production (farming) for feed and food. Nutritional requirements of insects are discussed with methods for developing and producing insect feed formulations.